In automated control, part of the function is performed by a human and part by an automatic device. In manual control systems, all control functions fall on the human operator. This set of tools is a combination of processing, analysis, and impact measures of the information collected about the technological process, which ensures the implementation of the planned TP with or without human intervention.
Automated (a) and automatic (b) control systems,
(ACS-TP - technological process automation system).
In the systems described, there is a difference between automated and automatic control systems in terms of the division of labor between human and technical means. Such a management system (Fig. A) is said to be automated if the analysis of the technological parameters of the production information by a person and the implementation of decisions on the impact of TP is provided. In such systems, a person obtains information about the parameters of the technological process in the form of text, tables, graphics, sound, and other forms through audiovisual devices. Often, the system processes and analyzes this information and recommends reasonable action, but it is the person who decides on the use of these recommendations. In this situation, the decision-maker can be a source of limitations because he cannot make a quick decision, and sometimes he can make the wrong decision. On the other hand, a person's participation in the control and management system can prevent an accident, because in this case (even if there is a lack of information) experience and intuition help to prevent an accident in the failure of any control system elements. For example, if the transmitter sensor that controls the temperature of the process equipment is faulty, this information will make the person (operator) think, and the normality of other parameters will allow him to assess the situation correctly and not to stop the work process.
In modern productions, computerized information-measuring systems are left with the help of a person (operator). These systems collect information on the parameters and operating modes of the equipment used in the technological process in a "database" and, depending on the mode of operation, collect regulatory and management decisions in a "knowledge base".
The situation that arises at each moment of the technological process is compared and evaluated with the information collected in the "knowledge base", and when a similar situation is detected, the system informs the operator in the form of a recommendation. If the control system decides to adjust the results of the data analysis, then such systems are called automatic or closed. Such systems both enter information about the operating parameters from the controlled object and create an effective activity in its output. The role of the person in these systems is only as an observer, and he can interfere in the operation of the system in emergencies. Such systems are mainly used in robotic industries.
Automated control systems usually have programs that detect and decide on accidents and emergencies, but on the other hand, human intelligence is always higher than automatic, and it can predict the development of the current situation. On the other hand, in the event of an accident or emergency, the automatic system response speed may be higher than the human response.
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